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If templates are used with for loops , the template is applied for all the steps inside the loop. The continue on failure mode is in use also in this case, which means that all the steps are executed with all the looped elements even if there are failures. There are several different ways in which test cases may be written. Test cases that describe some kind of workflow may be written either in keyword-driven or behavior-driven style. Data-driven style can be used to test the same workflow with varying input data.

Workflow tests, such as the Valid Login test described earlier , are constructed from several keywords and their possible arguments. Their normal structure is that first the system is taken into the initial state Open Login Page in the Valid Login example , then something is done to the system Input Name , Input Password , Submit Credentials , and finally it is verified that the system behaved as expected Welcome Page Should Be Open.

Another style to write test cases is the data-driven approach where test cases use only one higher-level keyword, normally created as a user keyword , that hides the actual test workflow. It would be possible to repeat the same keyword with every test, but the test template functionality allows specifying the keyword to use only once.

When using test templates , all the rounds in a test are executed even if there are failures, so there is no real functional difference between these two styles. In the above example separate combinations are named so it is easier to see what they test, but having potentially large number of these tests may mess-up statistics. Which style to use depends on the context and personal preferences.

In both of the above examples, column headers have been changed to match the data. This is possible because on the first row other cells except the first one are ignored. It is also possible to write test cases as requirements that also non-technical project stakeholders must understand. These executable requirements are a corner stone of a process commonly called Acceptance Test Driven Development ATDD or Specification by Example.

When writing test cases in this style, the initial state is usually expressed with a keyword starting with word Given , the actions are described with keyword starting with When and the expectations with a keyword starting with Then.

Keyword starting with And or But may be used if a step has more than one action. Prefixes Given , When , Then , And and But are dropped when matching keywords are searched, if no match with the full name is found. This works for both user keywords and library keywords. For example, Given login page is open in the above example can be implemented as user keyword either with or without the word Given.

Ignoring prefixes also allows using the same keyword with different prefixes. For example Welcome page should be open could also used as And welcome page should be open. When writing concrete examples it is useful to be able pass actual data to keyword implementations. User keywords support this by allowing embedding arguments into keyword name. Robot Framework test cases are created in test case files, which can be organized into directories.

These files and directories create a hierarchical test suite structure. Robot Framework test cases are created using test case tables in test case files. Such a file automatically creates a test suite from all the test cases it contains.

There is no upper limit for how many test cases there can be, but it is recommended to have less than ten, unless the data-driven approach is used, where one test case consists of only one high-level keyword.

All setting names can optionally include a colon at the end, for example Documentation:. This can make reading the settings easier especially when using the plain text format. Test case files can be organized into directories, and these directories create higher-level test suites. A test suite created from a directory cannot have any test cases directly, but it contains other test suites with test cases, instead. These directories can then be placed into other directories creating an even higher-level suite.

There are no limits for the structure, so test cases can be organized as needed. When a test directory is executed, the files and directories it contains are processed recursively as follows:. If a file or directory that is processed does not contain any test cases, it is silently ignored a message is written to the syslog and the processing continues.

Normally files that do not have a valid test case table are silently ignored with a message written to the syslog. As of Robot Framework 2. A test suite created from a directory can have similar settings as a suite created from a test case file. Because a directory alone cannot have that kind of information, it must be placed into a special test suite initialization file. The name format is borrowed from Python, where files named in this manner denote that a directory is a module.

Initialization files have the same structure and syntax as test case files, except that they cannot have test case tables and not all settings are supported. Variables and keywords created or imported in initialization files are not available in the lower level test suites. If you need to share variables or keywords, you can put them into resource files that can be imported both by initialization and test case files.

The main usage for initialization files is specifying test suite related settings similarly as in test case files , but setting some test case related settings is also possible. How to use different settings in the initialization files is explained below. The test suite name is constructed from the file or directory name. The name is created so that the extension is ignored, possible underscores are replaced with spaces, and names fully in lower case are title cased.

The file or directory name can contain a prefix to control the execution order of the suites. The prefix is separated from the base name by two underscores and, when constructing the actual test suite name, both the prefix and underscores are removed.

txt create test suites Some Tests and More Tests , respectively, and the former is executed before the latter. The documentation for a test suite is set using the Documentation setting in the Setting table. It can be used in test case files or, with higher-level suites, in test suite initialization files. Test suite documentation has exactly the same characteristics regarding to where it is shown and how it can be created as test case documentation.

Both the name and documentation of the top-level test suite can be overridden in test execution. This can be done with the command line options --name and --doc , respectively, as explained in section Setting metadata. Test suites can also have other metadata than the documentation. This metadata is defined in the Setting table using the Metadata setting.

Metadata set in this manner is shown in test reports and logs. The name and value for the metadata are located in the columns following Metadata.

The value is handled similarly as documentation, which means that it can be split into several cells joined together with spaces or into several rows joined together with newlines , simple HTML formatting works and even variables can be used. For top-level test suites, it is possible to set metadata also with the --metadata command line option. This is discussed in more detail in section Setting metadata. Not only test cases but also test suites can have a setup and a teardown.

A suite setup is executed before running any of the suite's test cases or child test suites, and a test teardown is executed after them. All test suites can have a setup and a teardown; with suites created from a directory they must be specified in a test suite initialization file. Similarly as with test cases, a suite setup and teardown are keywords that may take arguments. They are defined in the Setting table with Suite Setup and Suite Teardown settings, respectively.

They also have similar synonyms, Suite Precondition and Suite Postcondition , as a test case setup and teardown have. Keyword names and possible arguments are located in the columns after the setting name. If a suite setup fails, all test cases in it and its child test suites are immediately assigned a fail status and they are not actually executed. This makes suite setups ideal for checking preconditions that must be met before running test cases is possible. A suite teardown is normally used for cleaning up after all the test cases have been executed.

It is executed even if the setup of the same suite fails. If the suite teardown fails, all test cases in the suite are marked failed, regardless of their original execution status. Test libraries contain those lowest-level keywords, often called library keywords , which actually interact with the system under test. All test cases always use keywords from some library, often through higher-level user keywords.

This section explains how to take test libraries into use and how to use the keywords they provide. Creating test libraries is described in a separate section. Test libraries are normally imported using the Library setting in the Setting table and having the library name in the subsequent column. The library name is case-sensitive it is the name of the module or class implementing the library and must be exactly correct , but any spaces in it are ignored.

With Python libraries in modules or Java libraries in packages, the full name including the module or package name must be used. In those cases where the library needs arguments, they are listed in the columns after the library name.

It is possible to use default values, variable number of arguments, and named arguments in test library imports similarly as with arguments to keywords. Both the library name and arguments can be set using variables. It is possible to import test libraries in test case files , resource files and test suite initialization files. In all these cases, all the keywords in the imported library are available in that file.

With resource files, those keywords are also available in other files using them. Another possibility to take a test library into use is using the keyword Import Library from the BuiltIn library.

This keyword takes the library name and possible arguments similarly as the Library setting. Keywords from the imported library are available in the test suite where the Import Library keyword was used. This approach is useful in cases where the library is not available when the test execution starts and only some other keywords make it available.

The most common way to specify a test library to import is using its name, like it has been done in all the examples in this section. In these cases Robot Framework tries to find the class or module implementing the library from the library search path. Setting the library search path is explained in a section of its own.

Libraries can also set the search path automatically or have special instructions on how to do it. All standard libraries , for example, are in the library search path automatically.

The biggest benefit of this approach is that when the library search path has been configured, often using a custom start-up script , normal users do not need to think where libraries actually are installed.

The drawback is that getting your own, possible very simple, libraries into the search path may require some additional configuration. Another mechanism for specifying the library to import is using a path to it in the file system. This path is considered relative to the directory where current test data file is situated similarly as paths to resource and variable files.

The main benefit of this approach is that there is no need to configure the library search path. If the library is a file, the path to it must contain extension.

For Python libraries the extension is naturally. py and for Java libraries it can either be. class or. java , but the class file must always be available. Following examples demonstrate these different usages. A limitation of this approach is that libraries implemented as Python classes must be in a module with the same name as the class.

Additionally, importing libraries distributed in JAR or ZIP packages is not possible with this mechanism. The library name is shown in test logs before keyword names, and if multiple keywords have the same name, they must be used so that the keyword name is prefixed with the library name. The library name is got normally from the module or class name implementing it, but there are some situations where changing it is desirable:.

The basic syntax for specifying the new name is having the text WITH NAME case-insensitive after the library name and then having the new name in the next cell. The specified name is shown in logs and must be used in the test data when using keywords' full name LibraryName.

Keyword Name. Possible arguments to the library are placed into cells between the original library name and the WITH NAME text.

The following example illustrates how the same library can be imported several times with different arguments:. Setting a custom name to a test library works both when importing a library in the Setting table and when using the Import Library keyword. Some test libraries are distributed with Robot Framework and these libraries are called standard libraries.

The BuiltIn library is special, because it is taken into use automatically and thus its keywords are always available. Other standard libraries need to be imported in the same way as any other libraries, but there is no need to install them.

In addition to the normal standard libraries listed above, there is also Remote library that is totally different than the other standard libraries. It does not have any keywords of its own but it works as a proxy between Robot Framework and actual test library implementations. These libraries can be running on other machines than the core framework and can even be implemented using languages not supported by Robot Framework natively.

See separate Remote library interface section for more information about this concept. Any test library that is not one of the standard libraries is, by definition, an external library. The Robot Framework open source community has implemented several generic libraries, such as Selenium2Library and SwingLibrary , which are not packaged with the core framework.

Generic and custom libraries can obviously also be implemented by teams using Robot Framework. See Creating test libraries section for more information about that topic. Different external libraries can have a totally different mechanism for installing them and taking them into use. Sometimes they may also require some other dependencies to be installed separately. All libraries should have clear installation and usage documentation and they should preferably automate the installation process.

Variables are an integral feature of Robot Framework, and they can be used in most places in test data. Most commonly, they are used in arguments for keywords in test case tables and keyword tables, but also all settings allow variables in their values.

A normal keyword name cannot be specified with a variable, but the BuiltIn keyword Run Keyword can be used to get the same effect. If a nonexistent variable is used in the test data, the keyword using it fails.

Different variable types are briefly described in this section. The creation and usage of variables is described in more detail in the following subsections. Robot Framework variables, similarly as keywords, are case-insensitive, and also spaces and underscores are ignored. Much more importantly, though, cases should be used consistently. Unlike in some programming languages where similar variable syntax is used, curly braces { and } are mandatory in Robot Framework test data.

Basically, variable names can have any characters between the curly braces. However, using only alphabetic characters from a to z, numbers, underscore and space is recommended, and it is even a requirement for using the extended variable syntax.

When scalar variables are used in the test data, they are replaced with the value they are assigned to. While scalar variables are most commonly used for simple strings, you can assign any objects, including lists, to them. The example below illustrates the usage of scalar variables. When a scalar variable is used as the only value in a test data cell, the scalar variable is replaced with the value it has.

The value may be any object. When a scalar variable is used in a test data cell with anything else constant strings or other variables , its value is first converted into a Unicode string and then catenated to whatever is in that cell.

The example below demonstrates the difference between having a variable in a cell alone or with other content. Finally, when this test data is executed, different keywords receive the arguments as explained below:. Converting variables to Unicode obviously fails if the variable cannot be represented as Unicode. A workaround is creating a variable that contains the whole value and using it alone in the cell e. List variables are compound variables that can have several values assigned to them.

In short, they are always lists and can contain an unlimited number of entries also empty lists are possible. The main benefit of list variables is that they allow you to assign a name for a larger data set.

While list variables normally contain only strings, other content is also possible. When you use a list variable in test data, then the elements of the list are inserted as new cells in the test data.

Thus, if the list variable contains two elements, the cell containing the list variable is turned into two cells with the content of the list variable. Note that cells with list variables should not contain other content. The list variable syntax, {NAME} , is borrowed from Perl. Assuming that the list variable {USER} is set to the value ['robot','secret'] , the following two test cases are equivalent. It is also possible to access a certain value from the list variable with the syntax {NAME}[i] , where i is the index of the selected value.

Indexes start from zero, and trying to access a value with too large an index causes an error. List items accessed in this manner can be used similarly as scalar variables:. List variables can be used only with some of the settings.

They can be used in arguments to imported libraries and variable files, but library and variable file names themselves cannot be list variables. Also with setups and teardowns list variable can not be used as the name of the keyword, but can be used in arguments.

With tag related settings they can be used freely. Using scalar variables is possible in those places where list variables are not supported. This makes it possible to use list variables with list related keywords, for example, from BuiltIn and Collections libraries.

Notice that possible changes to the values of the list variable are not limited to the current variable scope. Because no new variable is created but instead the state of an existing variable is changed, all tests and keywords that see that variable will also see the changes. If this is a problem, Copy List keyword from the Collections library can be used to create a local copy of the variable. Using list variables as scalars only works if there is no scalar variable with the same base name as the list variable has.

In these cases the scalar variable has precedence and its value is used instead. This is useful, for example, with for loops and when items in a scalar list needs to be used as a separate arguments for a keyword. If a scalar variable contains any non-list object, for example a string or an integer, using it as a list variable fails. Exactly like when using lists variables as scalars, using a scalar variable as a list only works if there is no list variable with the same base name.

They are limited to string values. Environment variables set in the operating system before the test execution are available during it, and it is possible to create new ones with the keyword Set Environment Variable or delete existing ones with the keyword Delete Environment Variable , both available in the OperatingSystem library. Because environment variables are global, environment variables set in one test case can be used in other test cases executed after it.

However, changes to environment variables are not effective after the test execution. When running tests with Jython, it is possible to access Java system properties using same syntax as environment variables. If an environment variable and a system property with same name exist, the environment variable will be used. Support for accessing Java system properties was added in Robot Framework 2.

Variables can spring into existence from different sources as described in the subsections below. The most common source for variables are Variable tables in test case files and resource files. Variable tables are convenient, because they allow creating variables in the same place as the rest of the test data, and the needed syntax is very simple. Their main disadvantages are that values are always strings and they cannot be created dynamically.

If either of these is a problem, variable files can be used instead. The simplest possible variable assignment is setting a string into a scalar variable.

If the second column is empty, an empty string is set as a value. Also an already defined variable can be used in the value.

Creating list variables is as easy as creating scalar variables. Again, the variable name is in the first column of the Variable table and values in the subsequent columns. A list variable can have any number of values, starting from zero, and if many values are needed, they can be split into several rows.

Variable files are the most powerful mechanism for creating different kind of variables. It is possible to assign variables to any object using them, and they also enable creating variables dynamically. The variable file syntax and taking variable files into use is explained in section Resource and variable files.

Variables can be set from the command line either individually with the --variable -v option or using a variable file with the --variablefile -V option. Variables set from the command line are globally available for all executed test data files, and they also override possible variables with the same names in the Variable table and in variable files imported in the test data. Several variables can be set by using this option several times. Only scalar variables can be set using this syntax and they can only get string values.

Many special characters are difficult to represent in the command line, but they can be escaped with the --escape option. py , and Taking variable files into use section has more details. What variables actually are created depends on what variables there are in the referenced variable file.

If both variable files and individual variables are given from the command line, the latter have higher priority. Return values from keywords can also be set into variables. This allows communication between different keywords even in different test libraries. The syntax for a simple case is illustrated in the example below:.

This syntax works in all cases where a keywords returns something, and the variable is set to whatever value returned by the keyword. The second example above shows how to set a predefined test case scope variable using BuiltIn Set Variable keyword. Same approach obviously works also with variables in user keyword scope.

If all tests share same predefined variable, it is recommended to use variable table instead. Assuming that the keyword Get 3 returns a list [1, 2, 3] , the following variables are created:. Variables set in this manner are otherwise similar to any other variables, but they are available only within the scope of the test case or keyword where they are created. Thus it is not possible, for example, to set a variable in one test case and use it in another.

This is because, in general, automated test cases should not depend on each other, and accidentally setting a variable that is used elsewhere could cause hard-to-debug errors. If there is a genuine need for setting a variable in one test case and using it in another, it is possible to use BuiltIn keywords as explained in the next section.

The BuiltIn library has keywords Set Test Variable , Set Suite Variable and Set Global Variable which can be used for setting variables dynamically during the test execution.

If a variable already exists within the new scope, its value will be overwritten, and otherwise a new variable is created.

Variables set with Set Test Variable keyword are available everywhere within the scope of the currently executed test case. For example, if you set a variable in a user keyword, it is available both in the test case level and also in all other user keywords used in the current test.

Other test cases will not see variables set with this keyword. Variables set with Set Suite Variable keyword are available everywhere within the scope of the currently executed test suite. Setting variables with this keyword thus has the same effect as creating them using the Variable table in the test data file or importing them from variable files.

Other test suites, including possible child test suites, will not see variables set with this keyword. Variables set with Set Global Variable keyword are globally available in all test cases and suites executed after setting them.

Setting variables with this keyword thus has the same effect as creating from the command line using the options --variable or --variablefile. Because this keyword can change variables everywhere, it should be used with care. On the other hand, another BuiltIn keyword Set Variable sets local variables using return values. Built-in variables related to the operating system ease making the test data operating-system-agnostic.

The variable syntax can be used for creating both integers and floating point numbers, as illustrated in the example below. This is useful when a keyword expects to get an actual number, and not a string that just looks like a number, as an argument. The syntax is case insensitive. Also Boolean values and Python None and Java null can be created using the variable syntax similarly as numbers. These variables are useful, for example, when there would otherwise be a need to escape spaces or empty cells with a backslash.

In the following example, Should Be Equal keyword gets identical arguments but those using variables are easier to understand than those using backslashes. Because it has no content, it basically vanishes when used somewhere in the test data. It is useful, for example, with test templates when the template keyword is used without arguments or when overriding list variables in different scopes.

Modifying the value of {EMPTY} is not possible. Some automatic variables can also be used in the test data. These variables can have different values during the test execution and some of them are not even available all the time. Altering the value of these variables does not affect the original values, but some values can be changed dynamically using keywords from the BuiltIn library. Possible variables in these automatic variables are not yet resolved at the import time, though.

Variables coming from different sources have different priorities and are available in different scopes. Variables set in the command line have the highest priority of all variables that can be set before the actual test execution starts. They override possible variables created in Variable tables in test case files, as well as in resource and variable files imported in the test data. Individually set variables --variable option override the variables set using variable files --variablefile option.

If you specify same individual variable multiple times, the one specified last will override earlier ones. This allows setting default values for variables in a start-up script and overriding them from the command line.

Notice, though, that if multiple variable files have same variables, the ones in the file specified first have the highest priority. Variables created using the Variable table in a test case file are available for all the test cases in that file. These variables override possible variables with same names in imported resource and variable files. Variables created in the variable tables are available in all other tables in the file where they are created.

This means that they can be used also in the Setting table, for example, for importing more variables from resource and variable files. Variables imported from the resource and variable files have the lowest priority of all variables created in the test data. Variables from resource files and variable files have the same priority. If a resource file imports resource files or variable files, variables in its own Variable table have a higher priority than variables it imports.

All these variables are available for files that import this resource file. Note that variables imported from resource and variable files are not available in the Variable table of the file that imports them.

This is due to the Variable table being processed before the Setting table where the resource files and variable files are imported. Depending on where and how they are created, variables can have a global, test suite, test case or user keyword scope. Global variables are available everywhere in the test data. These variables are normally set from the command line with the --variable and --variablefile options, but it is also possible to create new global variables or change the existing ones with the BuiltIn keyword Set Global Variable anywhere in the test data.

Additionally also built-in variables are global. Variables with the test suite scope are available anywhere in the test suite where they are defined or imported. They can be created in Variable tables, imported from resource and variable files , or set during the test execution using the BuiltIn keyword Set Suite Variable.

The test suite scope is not recursive , which means that variables available in a higher-level test suite are not available in lower-level suites. If necessary, resource and variable files can be used for sharing variables. Since these variables can be considered global in the test suite where they are used, it is recommended to use capital letters also with them.

Variables created in test cases from the return values from keywords have a test case scope and they are available only in that test case. Another possibility to create them is using the BuiltIn keyword Set Test Variable anywhere in that particular test case. Test case variables are local and should use lower-case letters. User keywords get their own variables from arguments passed to them and return values from keywords they use.

Also these variables are local and should use lower-case letters. getName }. It works both with scalar and list variables, but is mainly useful with the former.

Extended variable syntax is a powerful feature, but it should be used with care. Accessing attributes is normally not a problem, on the contrary, because one variable containing an object with several attributes is often better than having several variables. On the other hand, calling methods, especially when they are used with arguments, can make the test data pretty complicated to understand. If that happens, it is recommended to move the code into a test library.

The most common usages of extended variable syntax are illustrated in the example below. First assume that we have the following variable file and test case:. If the object that is used is implemented with Java, the extended variable syntax allows you to access attributes using so-called bean properties. The Python object used in the previous example could thus be replaced with the following Java implementation:.

Many standard Python objects, including strings and numbers, have methods that can be used with the extended variable syntax either explicitly or implicitly. Sometimes this can be really useful and reduce the need for setting temporary variables, but it is also easy to overuse it and create really cryptic test data.

Following examples show few pretty good usages. Note that even though abs number is recommended over number. This is because the variable name must be in the beginning of the extended syntax.

Extended variable syntax works also when using scalar variables as lists. Unlike when assigning variables normally using return values from keywords , changes to variables done using the extended assign syntax are not limited to the current scope. Variables are allowed also inside variables, and when this syntax is used, variables are resolved from the inside out.

There can be several nested variables, but resolving the outermost fails, if any of them does not exist. Keyword tables are used to create new higher-level keywords by combining existing keywords together. These keywords are called user keywords to differentiate them from lowest level library keywords that are implemented in test libraries.

The syntax for creating user keywords is very close to the syntax for creating test cases, which makes it easy to learn. In many ways, the overall user keyword syntax is identical to the test case syntax. User keywords are created in keyword tables which differ from test case tables only by the name that is used to identify them. User keyword names are in the first column similarly as test cases names.

Also user keywords are created from keywords, either from keywords in test libraries or other user keywords. Keyword names are normally in the second column, but when setting variables from keyword return values, they are in the subsequent columns. Most user keywords take some arguments. This important feature is used already in the second example above, and it is explained in detail later in this section , similarly as user keyword return values.

User keywords can be created in test case files , resource files , and test suite initialization files. Keywords created in resource files are available for files using them, whereas other keywords are only available in the files where they are created. User keywords can have similar settings as test cases , and they have the same square bracket syntax separating them from keyword names. All available settings are listed below and explained later in this section.

The user keyword name is defined in the first column of the user keyword table. Of course, the name should be descriptive, and it is acceptable to have quite long keyword names.

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Otherwise handling whitespace is not different than in other test data because leading, trailing, and consecutive spaces must always be escaped. The script is in the directory containing the sources and you can run it from the command line using any of the supported interpreters:. What variables actually are created depends on what variables there are in the referenced variable file. Most importantly, the teardown is always a single keyword, although it can be another user keyword, and it gets executed also when the user keyword fails. Following screenshots show examples of the test data and created reports and logs. These settings are mainly default values for the test case specific settings listed earlier. In such cases the pipe and space delimited variant can work better because it makes the cell boundary more visible.

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